Genomics-assisted Plant Breeding for Sustainable Agriculture, Environmental Harmony, and Global Food Security: A Comprehensive Review

Genomics-Assisted Plant Breeding (GAPB) represents a transformative approach in modern agriculture, integrating advanced genomic tools with traditional breeding techniques to address critical challenges such as sustainable agriculture, environmental harmony, and global food security. This review delves into the evolution of GAPB, its methodologies, and its applications in developing climate-resilient, nutrient-efficient, and high-yielding crop varieties. By exploring its role in enhancing agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact, the review highlights the potential of GAPB to meet the growing food demands of an increasing global population. The key findings emphasize the success of GAPB in breeding crops with improved stress tolerance, disease resistance, and nutritional profiles, alongside its contribution to reducing chemical inputs and conserving biodiversity. Despite its numerous benefits, the paper also identifies challenges such as technological accessibility, high costs, and ethical considerations that need to be addressed for widespread adoption. The implications of GAPB are discussed in the context of its role in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and ensuring long-term agricultural resilience.